Long-term fire retardant with corrosion inhibitors and methods for making and using same

ABSTRACT

A forest fire retardant composition contains a retardant compound that includes a phosphate salt. The phosphate salt may include diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate, and combinations thereof. The forest fire retardant composition may include an ammonium source. The composition may be in the form of a dry concentrate, a liquid concentrate, or a final diluted product. The final diluted product is effective in suppressing, retarding, and controlling forest fires while exhibiting corrosion resistance and low toxicity.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/821,060, filed Aug. 19, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/552,196, filed Dec. 15, 2021, which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. application Ser. No.17/552,196 claims a priority benefit to U.S. provisional applicationSer. No. 63/125,693 filed on Dec. 15, 2020, and 63/140,657 filed on Jan.22, 2021, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Incorporated herein by reference in their entirety are: U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 62/858,640 filed on Jun. 7, 2019; 62/989,350 filedon Mar. 13, 2020; and 63/024,040 filed on May 13, 2020.

BACKGROUND

Long-term retardants contain retardant salts that alter the way a forestfire burns, decrease the fire intensity, and slow the advance of theforest fire. Long-term retardants may be available as wet or dryconcentrates that are mixed with water thereby improving water'seffectiveness and ability to cling to fuels, over a long period of time.Long-term retardants may be colored with iron oxide, fugitive pigments,or remain uncolored.

In the “Ecological Risk Assessment of Wildland Fire-Fighting Chemicals:Long-Term Fire Retardants” (September 2017), hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety, the United States Forest Service (“USFS”) hasestablished a chemical toxicity risk assessment for fire-fightingchemicals currently approved for use by the USFS. The USFS uses avariety of fire-fighting chemicals to aid in the suppression of fire inwildlands. These products can be categorized as long-term retardants,foams, and water enhancers. This chemical toxicity risk assessment ofthe long-term retardants examines their potential impacts on terrestrialwildlife, plant, and aquatic species.

Further, in Specification 5100-304d (Jan. 7, 2020), SupersedingSpecification 5100-304c (June 2007), Superseding Specification 5100-304b(July 1999), Superseding Specification 5100-00304a (February 1986),entitled “Specification for Long Term Retardant, Wildland Fire, Aircraftor Ground Application,” hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) ForestService has established the maximum allowable corrosion rates for 2024T3aluminum, 4130 steel, yellow brass and Az-31-B magnesium. Thecorrosivity of forest fire retardants, in concentrate, to aluminum,steel, yellow brass and magnesium must not exceed 5.0 milli-inches(“mils”) per year as determined by the “Uniform Corrosion” test setforth in Section 4.3.5.1 of the USDA Forest Service Specifications. TheForest Service Specifications identify the maximum amount of corrosionacceptable when both the retardant concentrate and its diluted solutionsare exposed to each metal indicated above at temperatures of 70°Fahrenheit (“F”) and 120° F. in both totally and partially immersedconfigurations. The maximum allowable corrosivity of aerially appliedfire-retardant diluted solutions to aluminum is 2.0 mils per year(“mpy”) and the maximum corrosivity to brass and steel is 2.0 mpy whenpartially immersed and 5.0 when tested in the partially immersedcondition. In the partially immersed configurations, one-half of thecoupon is within the solution and one-half is exposed to the vapors inthe air space over the solution.

U.S. Pat. No. 10,550,483 to Khosla et al. discloses “fire-retardantconcentrate compositions comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates”wherein “the mixture of ammonium phosphates has a molar ratio ofammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P molar ratio) in a range of fromabout 1.1 to about 1.9.” (2:7-13.) Khosla et al. is limited to thisouter range of N/P molar ratios of about 1.1 to about 1.9, and valueswithin this range, because all its examples (Examples 1-5) are limitedto mixtures of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate(DAP). Such mixtures of MAP and DAP, by definition, exclude any N/Pmolar ratio below about 1.1 (e.g., where N/P=1 for MAP alone) or aboveabout 1.9 (e.g., where N/P=2 for DAP alone). Moreover, it was explainedduring prosecution of Khosla et al. that “Applicants have discoveredthat controlling the N/P molar ratio within the claimed range of from1.4 to about 1.9 for mixture of ammonium phosphate fire-retardantsprovides the required magnesium alloy corrosion rate.” (Applicant'sResponse at p. 9, filed on Sep. 18, 2019, in U.S. Ser. No. 15/670,422.)

In contrast to Khosla et al.'s reliance on controlling N/P molar ratioswithin a particular range, the present inventors have discovered thatfire retardants salts containing both ammonium and phosphate with an N/Pratio of less than about 1.1 or greater than about 1.9 can exhibit lowaquatic toxicity and low corrosion rates.

SUMMARY

The invention relates generally to fire retardant compositions and moreparticularly to long-term fire retardants suitable for use in direct orindirect attack of forest fires.

In one embodiment, a forest fire retardant concentrate includes aretardant compound, a corrosion inhibitor, a strong acid or weak acid, athickening agent, and optionally a colorant. The retardant compound isat least one of diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate,monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodiumphosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodiumammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, sodiumtripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate. Thecorrosion inhibitor may include a corrosion inhibitor for at least oneof iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium.

In another embodiment, the fire retardant concentrate includes aretardant compound including at least one of diammonium phosphate,diammonium orthophosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphatehydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or trisodium phosphate; a corrosioninhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesiumpresent in the concentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about0.1% to about 3.0% relative to total weight of the concentrate; a strongacid or weak acid; a thickening agent, present in the concentrate in anamount having a weight percent of about 0.75% to about 5.0% relative tototal weight of the concentrate; optionally a colorant, present in theconcentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.04% to about6.0% relative to total weight of the concentrate. The forest fireretardant concentrate has a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen tophosphorus (N/P molar ratio) of less than about 1.1 or greater thanabout 1.9. In another embodiment, the fire retardant concentrateincludes not more than two ammonium phosphates and at least one ofmonosodium phosphate or disodium phosphate. In another embodiment, thefire retardant concentrate includes not more than one ammoniumphosphate. In another embodiment, the fire retardant concentrateincludes diammonium phosphate, and the strong acid or weak acidcomprises at least one of citric acid or monosodium phosphate. Theforest fire retardant composition may be in the form of a dryconcentrate.

In another embodiment, the fire retardant concentrate includes aretardant compound including at least one of monoammonium phosphate,monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammoniumphosphate, or sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate; a corrosion inhibitorfor at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium present in theconcentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.1% to about3.0% relative to total weight of the concentrate; a strong base or weakbase; a thickening agent, present in the concentrate in an amount havinga weight percent of about 0.75% to about 5.0% relative to total weightof the concentrate; optionally a colorant, present in the concentrate inan amount having a weight percent of about 0.04% to about 6.0% relativeto total weight of the concentrate. The forest fire retardantconcentrate has a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N/Pmolar ratio) of less than about 1.1 or greater than about 1.9. Inanother embodiment, the fire retardant concentrate includes monoammoniumphosphate and diammonium phosphate and the strong acid or weak acidcomprises disodium phosphate. In another embodiment, the fire retardantconcentrate includes not more than two ammonium phosphates and at leastone of monosodium phosphate or disodium phosphate. In anotherembodiment, the fire retardant concentrate includes not more than oneammonium phosphate.

In another embodiment, a forest fire retardant final diluted productincludes a retardant compound including a phosphate salt. The phosphatesalt includes at least one of diammonium phosphate, diammoniumorthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate,monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate,sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, sodiumtripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate. Theretardant compound is present in the forest fire retardant final dilutedproduct in an amount having a weight percent of about 6% to about 20%relative to the total weight of the final diluted product. In anotherembodiment, the forest fire retardant final diluted product includes notmore than one ammonium phosphate. In another embodiment, the forest fireretardant final diluted product includes at least one of diammoniumphosphate or monoammonium phosphate and at least one of disodiumphosphate, monosodium phosphate, or dipotassium phosphate. The pH of theforest fire retardant final diluted product is about 6.0 to about 6.5.The forest fire retardant final diluted product has a molar ratio ofammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P molar ratio) of less than about1.1.

In another embodiment, the forest fire retardant final diluted productincludes a phosphate salt; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one ofiron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium present in the composition in anamount having a weight percent of about 0.1% to about 3.0% relative tothe total weight of the final diluted product; a buffering agent presentin the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 7% toabout 56% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product; athickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having aweight percent of about 0.75% to about 5.0% relative to the total weightof the final diluted product; optionally a colorant, present in thecomposition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.04% to about6.0% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product. Theforest fire retardant may be in the form of a final diluted product isintended for use to suppress, retard, or contain forest fires.

In another embodiment, the forest fire retardant concentrate that isused to produce the final diluted product does not include ammoniumphosphate. In another embodiment, the forest fire retardant concentrateused to prepare the final diluted product includes an ammonium source.The ammonium source may include at least one of ammonium chloride,ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, or ammonium sulfate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are forillustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of theinventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of theinventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated orenlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of differentfeatures. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer tolike features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similarelements).

FIG. 1 is a flow chart diagram showing the process of making a forestfire retardant composition from a dry concentrate.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart diagram showing the process of making a forestfire retardant composition from a liquid concentrate.

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the relationship between ammoniaconcentration and LC50.

FIG. 4A illustrates the chemical structure of monoammonium phosphate(MAP) and its N/P molar ratio.

FIG. 4B illustrates the chemical structure of diammonium phosphate (DAP)and its N/P molar ratio.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In General

Referring to FIG. 1 , a forest fire retardant composition 100 can beprovided in various forms. The composition 100 can be provided as a dryconcentrate 101 substantially free of water. Alternatively, thecomposition 100 can be provided as a liquid concentrate 102. The liquidconcentrate 102 can be formed by adding water or other solvent(s) to thedry concentrate 101. Alternatively, liquid concentrate 102 is formedwhen the dry concentrate 101 is deliquescent, hygroscopic, and absorbsmoisture from the air or other moisture source. The composition 100 canalso be provided as a final diluted product 103 in a form suitable tofight forest fires via aerial- or ground-based application. The finaldiluted product 103 is formed either by diluting the dry concentrate 101with water or by diluting the liquid concentrate 102 with water.

Referring to FIG. 2 , a forest fire retardant composition 200 can beprovided in various liquid forms. The composition 200 can be provided asa liquid concentrate 201. The composition 200 can also be provided as afinal diluted product 202 in a form suitable to fight forest fires viaaerial- or ground-based application. The final diluted product 202 isformed by diluting the liquid concentrate 201 with water in one or morediluting steps.

Components of the Concentrates 100 and 200

The forest fire retardant compositions 100 and 200 include one or moreretardant compounds. The retardant compounds are preferably inorganiccompounds. Instead of (or in addition to) inorganic compounds, theretardant compounds may be an organic compound. Table 1 belowillustrates exemplary inorganic compounds, any one or more of which maybe used, alone or in combination, as a retardant compound in thecompositions 100 and 200.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Retardant Compounds Other inorganic Organic HalideSalts Non-Halide Salts retardants retardants MgCl₂ MgCO₃ MgO C₂H₇NO₂MgCl₂(H₂O)_(x) where Mg₃(PO₄)₂ CaO C₆H₁₁NO₇ x is 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12CaCl₂ Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ Na₂O CaCl₂(H₂O)_(x) where Mg₃(PO₄)₂(H₂O)₈Li₂O x is 1, 2, 4, or 6 MgBr₂ CaCO₃ BaO CaBr₂ Ca₃(PO₄)₂ Mg(OH)₂ NH₄ClMg₃Ca(CO₃)₄ Ca(OH)₂ Ca₃(PO₄)₂(H₂O)₂ NaOH DAP LiOH MAP Ba(OH)₂ APP KOH(NH₄)₂SO₄ P₂O₅ K₂SO₄ MgSO₄ MgSO₄(H₂O)_(x) where x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 9, 10 or 11 K₂Mg(SO₄)₂(H₂O)_(x) where x is 4 or 6 Na₂SO₄Na₂SO₄(H₂O)_(x) where x is 7 or 10 MgCO₃(H₂O)_(x) where x is 2, 3, or 5Mg(PO₄HNH₄)₂ NaPO₄HNH₄ NaPO₄HNH₄(H₂O)_(x), where x = 1, 2, 3, or 4Na₂HPO₄ Na₂HPO₄(H₂O)_(x), where x = 2, 7, 8, or 12 NaH₂PO₄NaH₂PO₄(H₂O)_(x), where x = 1 or 2 Na₃PO₄ Na₅P₃O₁₀ Na₅P₃O₁₀(H₂O)₆Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ Ca(H₂PO₄)₂(H₂O)_(x), where x = 1 CaHPO₄ CaHPO₄(H₂O)_(x),where x = 1 or 2 Ca₃(PO₄)₂ Ca₈H₂(PO₄)₆•5H₂O Ca₂P₂O₇ Ca₂P₂O₇(H₂O)_(x),where x = 2 or 4 Ca₅(P₃O₁₀)₂ Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH) Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH, F, Cl, Br)₂Ca₄(PO₄)₂•O KH₂PO₄ K₂HPO₄ K₂HPO₄(H₂O)_(x), where x = 3 or 6 K₃PO₄K₃PO₄(H₂O)_(x), where x = 3, 7, or 9

The retardant compound may be a salt. The salt may be a phosphate salt.Preferably the phosphate salt is a technical grade phosphate with lowconcentrations of heavy metals. The phosphate salt may include ammoniumsalts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid. Thephosphate salt in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200may include one or more of the following: ammonium orthophosphates,ammonium pyrophosphates, ammonium polyphosphates having an average chainlength of less than 20 phosphorus atoms. For example, the phosphate saltmay include at least one of diammonium phosphate (DAP), diammoniumorthophosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), monoammoniumorthophosphate (MAP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP).

Instead of (or in addition to) ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly,or tetrapoly phosphoric acid, the phosphate salt may include a sodiumphosphate salt. The sodium phosphate salt may include sodium salts ofmono-, di-, tri-, tetra, and polyphosphates. The sodium phosphate saltin the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 may include oneor more of the following: monosodium phosphate (MSP), disodium phosphate(DSP), disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium ammonium phosphate (SAP),sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate (SAP-H), sodium tripolyphosphate(STPP), trisodium phosphate (TSP), and mixtures thereof. The disodiumphosphate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate.Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous disodium phosphate,the disodium phosphate can be a hydrate, substantially free of anyanhydrous. The hydrate may have the formula Na₂HPO₄(H₂O)_(x), where x isabout 1 to about 12. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 2,7, 8, or 12. The disodium phosphate may contain a mixture of multipledifferent hydrates Na₂HPO₄(H₂O)_(y), such that when measured, yconstitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, andthus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the averageweighted value of y may be about 2.0 to about 12.0, preferably about 1.5to about 11.5, more preferably about 2.5 to about 10.5, and morepreferably about 3.5 to about 9.5. The sodium ammonium phosphate can beanhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or incombination with the anhydrous sodium ammonium phosphate, the sodiumammonium phosphate can be a hydrate. The hydrate may have the formulaNaPO₄HNH₄(H₂O)_(x), where x is about 1 to about 4. For example, x may beequal to at least one of 1, 2, 3, or 4. The disodium phosphate may alsocontain a mixture of multiple different hydrates NaPO₄HNH₄(H₂O)_(y),such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number ofhydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number.For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 1.0 to about4.0, preferably about 1.2 to about 3.9, more preferably about 1.4 toabout 3.8, and more preferably about 1.6 to about 3.6. The sodiumammonium phosphate hydrate is preferably sodium ammonium phosphatetetrahydrate (SAP-TH) having the formula NaPO₄HNH₄(H₂O)₄.

Instead of (or in addition to) ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly,or tetrapoly phosphoric acid and/or sodium phosphate salt(s), thephosphate salt may be a calcium phosphate salt. The calcium phosphatesalt may include calcium salts of orthophosphates, di- and monohydrogenphosphates, and/or di- and polyphosphates. The calcium phosphate salt inthe forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 may include one ormore of the following: monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate(DCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), octacalcium phosphate (OCP),dicalcium diphosphate, calcium triphosphate, hydroxyapatite, Apatite, ortetracalcium phosphate (TTCP).

Instead of (or in addition to) ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly,or tetrapoly phosphoric acid, sodium phosphate salt(s), and/or calciumphosphate salts, the phosphate salt may be a potassium phosphate salt.The potassium phosphate salt in the forest fire retardant composition100 and/or 200 may include one or more of the following: monopotassiumphosphate (MKP), dipotassium phosphate, or tripotassium phosphate.

The phosphate salt of the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or200 may include an ammonium source. The ammonium source may be anammonium salt. The ammonium source may be an ammonium phosphate salt.For example, when the phosphate salt includes ammonium. The ammoniumphosphate salt in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200may include one or more of the following: diammonium phosphate (DAP),diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP),monoammonium orthophosphate (MAP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), sodiumammonium phosphate (SAP), or sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate (SAP-H).Instead of (or in addition to) an ammonium phosphate salt, the forestfire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 may include a non-phosphateammonium source. The non-phosphate ammonium source in the forest fireretardant composition 100 and/or 200 may include one or more of thefollowing: ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, orammonium sulfate. The forest fire retardant concentrate 101 and/or 201may contain no ammonium phosphate, but when the forest fire retardantconcentrate 101 and/or 201 is diluted with water to make the finaldiluted product 103 and/or 202, the final diluted product 103 and/or 202may contain ammonium phosphates due to the exchange of ions in solution.The forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 may contain amixture of phosphates.

In certain embodiments, the mixture of phosphates has a molar ratio ofammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P molar ratio) of about 0.4 toabout 1.4, preferably about 0.6 to about 1.3, more preferably about 0.8to about 1.1. For example, the N/P molar ratio is less than about 1.1,or is about 1. For example, the N/P molar ratio may be below 1.05, below1.04, below 1.03, below 1.02, below 1.01, or below 1.00. In anotherembodiment, the N/P molar ratio is greater than about 1.9, for exampleabout 1.9 to about 3.0, preferably about 2.0 to about 2.9, morepreferably about 2.1 to about 2.7. For example, the N/P molar ratio maybe above 1.95, above 1.96, above 1.97, above 1.98, above 1.99, or above2.0. As used herein, “ammoniacal nitrogen,” when referring to thenitrogen to phosphorus molar ratio (N/P molar ratio) refers to anyammoniacal nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺) or phosphorus present in the formulationfrom any of the sources listed in Table 1. For example, the N/P ratiowould not include any nitrogen or phosphorus from a dye not listed inTable 1.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the composition 100 may begin as a dry concentrate101 substantially free of water. As used herein, “substantially free ofwater,” when referring to the dry concentrate 101, does not refer to thewater of crystallization or water of hydration of the phosphate salt(i.e., the hydrate phosphate salt). Additionally, as used herein,“substantially free of water,” when referring to the dry concentrate101, does not prohibit the addition of minimal amounts of water (e.g.,less than 2% weight percent relative to the amount of the retardantcompound in the composition 100) to the dry concentrate 101 to assistwith mixing the components.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the retardant compoundrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 60% toabout 99.5%, preferably about 62% to about 99%, more preferably about64% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 66% to about 98%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the retardantcompound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103is about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 6% to about 28%, morepreferably about 7% to about 26%, and particularly about 8% to about24%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the retardantcompound relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 isabout 30% to about 80%, preferably about 32% to about 75%, morepreferably about 36% to about 70%, and particularly about 38% to about65%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the retardantcompound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202is about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 28%, morepreferably about 6% to about 26%, and particularly about 7% to about24%.

The forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 may further includea corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor may include an inhibitorfor brass, iron, aluminum, steel, copper, and/or magnesium. Thecorrosion inhibitor may also include an inhibitor for any of thecompounds listed in Table 1. The corrosion inhibitor for magnesium mayinclude any corrosion inhibitors disclosed in Lamaka, S. V., et al.“Comprehensive screening of Mg corrosion inhibitors.” Corrosion Science128 (2017), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Thecorrosion inhibitor may include an alkyl (such as an alkyl amine) andone or more azoles. The corrosion inhibitor may include COBRATEC 928,Denatonium benzoate, benzoic acid, diammonium phosphate, monoammoniumphosphate, Wintrol SB 25Na, or a combination of the above. The corrosioninhibitor may include one or more azoles. The corrosion inhibitor may bea Wintrol® Super Azole Mix (Wintrol® SAM-H90 from Wincom, Inc). TheWintrol® SAM-H90 is designed for aqueous application. Wintrol® SAM-H90provides corrosion resistance in highly corrosive environments caused byhalogens, such chloride. Optionally, Wintrol® SAM-H38Na may be used asthe corrosion inhibitor, alone or in combination with Wintrol® SAM-H90.The corrosion inhibitor may include but is not limited to, sodiumselenite, sodium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium fluoride, sodiumphosphate, sodium fumarate dibasic, magnesium phosphate, benzotriazolederivatives, sodium salts of benzotriazole derivatives, aqueous mixturesof benzotriazole derivatives, benzotriazole-5-carboxcylic acid,benzotriazole, butyl benzotriazole, sodium butyl benzotriazole,tolytriazole derivatives, sodium salts of tolytriazole derivatives,aqueous mixtures of tolytriazole derivatives, tetrathydro tolytriazole,tolytriazole, hydrogenated tolyltriazole and mixtures thereof, sodiumtolytriazole, sodium tolytriazole (50% solution),3-hydroxyphenyl-4-phenyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (HPMT),3-aminophenyl-4-phenyl mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (APMT),3,4-diphenyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (DPMT),3-cinnamyl-4-phenyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (CPMT),1,8-napthalaldehydic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDBS), Wintrol® BBT-25Na, Wintrol® BBT, Wintrol® THT-T,Wintrol® THT-35PG, Wintrol® THT-50K, Wintrol® SAM-H90, Wintrol SB 25Na,Wintrol® SAM-H38Na, Wintrol® SAM-H40(OS), Wintrol® SAM-B90, berberine,pyrrolidine benzylic, catechin, lysergic acid, carmine, fast green,aniline, vanillin, triethanolamine, low freeze grade triethanolamine(85% TEA and 15% water), p-chloroaniline, p-nitroaniline,p-methoxyaniline, p-methylaniline, p-cumate Na, sodium silicate, sodiummolybdate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, disodium molbdate, disodiummolybdate dihydrate, a biopolymer (such as rhamsan gum, xanthan gum,diutan gum, or welan gum), sodium silicofluoride (SSF), anddimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD), or a combination of the above.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the corrosioninhibitor (excluding any water in the corrosion inhibitor) relative tothe total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.025% to about4.0%, preferably about 0.05% to about 3.5%, more preferably about 0.1%to about 3.0%, and particularly about 0.15% to about 2.5%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the corrosioninhibitor (excluding any water in the corrosion inhibitor) relative tothe total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 0.01% toabout 3.0%, preferably about 0.015% to about 2.5%, more preferably about0.02% to about 2.0%, and particularly about 0.025% to about 1.5%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the corrosioninhibitor (excluding any water in the corrosion inhibitor) relative tothe total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 0.025% to about4.0%, preferably about 0.05% to about 3.5%, more preferably about 0.1%to about 3.0%, and particularly about 0.15% to about 2.5%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the corrosioninhibitor (excluding any water in the corrosion inhibitor) relative tothe total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.01% toabout 3.0%, preferably about 0.015% to about 2.5%, more preferably about0.02% to about 2.0%, and particularly about 0.025% to about 1.5%.

To control the viscosity of the composition 100 and/or 200, thecomposition 100 and/or 200 may also include at least one thickeningagent. The thickening agent may be a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol,an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, aclay, an organosilicone, or a protein, including but not limited tolatex, styrene, butadiene, polyvinyl alcohol, attapulgite, bentonite,montmorillonite, algin, collagen, casein, albumin, castor oil,cornstarch, arrowroot, yuca starch, carrageenan, pullulan, konjac,alginate, gelatin, agar, pectin, carrageenan, chitosan, xanthan gum,guar gum, rhamsan gum, diutan gum, welan gum, cellulose gum, acacia guargum, locust bean gum, acacia gum, gum tragacanth, glucomannanpolysaccharide gum, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate,ammonium alginate, calcium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC),methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxymethyl cellulose(HMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethylhydroxymethylcellulose, hypromellose (INN), cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol,polyethylene glycol (PEG), monoethylene glycol, acrylic microgel, oracrylic amide wax. A combination of thickeners may provide a similarviscosity profile of the composition 100 and/or 200 with a varyingweight percent of the thickening agent(s). For example, two or more ofthe above viscosity modifiers may be combined to provide a low viscosity(e.g., 150-400 cP), or a medium viscosity (e.g., 401-800 cP), or a highviscosity (e.g., 801-1500 cP).

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the thickening agentrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.25%to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.5% to about 5.5%, more preferablyabout 0.75% to about 5.0%, and particularly about 1.0% to about 4.5%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the thickeningagent relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 isabout 0.0125% to about 5.5%, preferably about 0.025% to about 5.0%, morepreferably about 0.75% to about 4.5%, and particularly about 0.1% toabout 4.0%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the thickeningagent relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 isabout 0.25% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.5% to about 5.5%, morepreferably about 0.75% to about 5.0%, and particularly about 1.0% toabout 4.5%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the thickeningagent relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 isabout 0.0125% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.025% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.05% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.1% toabout 3.5%.

To control the pH of the composition 100 and/or 200, the composition 100and/or 200 may also include buffering agents such as organic aminesincluding but not limited to triethanolamine (C₆H₁₅NO₃), low freezegrade triethanolamine (85% TEA and 15% water), diethanolamine,monoethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylene diamine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, DABCO,N-methyl pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidone, quinuclidine,diisoropryopylamine, diisopropylmethylamine, methyl piperidine,N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine, 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol, or3-(diethylamino)-1,2, propanediol. The buffering agent may include oneor more of the phosphate salts disclosed herein. The buffering agent mayalso be a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base, or a weak base.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the buffering agentrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 1% toabout 60%, preferably about 2% to about 58%, more preferably about 3% toabout 56%, and particularly about 4% to about 54%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the bufferingagent relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 isabout 0.1% to about 25%, preferably about 0.2% to about 20%, morepreferably about 0.3% to about 18%, and particularly about 0.4% to about16%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the buffering agentrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about isabout 5% to about 45%, preferably about 6% to about 40%, more preferablyabout 7% to about 35%, and particularly about 8% to about 30%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the bufferingagent relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 isabout 0.5% to about 20%, preferably about 1% to about 18%, morepreferably about 1.5% to about 16%, and particularly about 2% to about14%.

The strong acid and/or weak acid may include but is not limited tomonosodium phosphate (MSP), sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate,monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate,potassium bisulfite, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sulfurousacid, sulfuric acid, hyposulfurous acid, persulfuric acid, pyrosulfuricacid, disulfurous acid, dithionous acid, tetrathionic acid,thiosulfurous acid, hydrosulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid,perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid,chloric acid, hyponitrous acid, nitrous acid, nitric acid, pernitricacid, carbonous acid, carbonic acid, hypocarbonous acid, percarbonicacid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, pyrophosphoric acid, hydrophosphoricacid, hydrobromic acid, bromous acid, bromic acid, hypobromous acid,hypoiodous acid, iodous acid, iodic acid, periodic acid, hydroiodicacid, hydroselenic acid, selenic acid, selenous acid, hydronitric acid,boric acid, molybdic acid, perxenic acid, silicofluoric acid, telluricacid, tellurous acid, tungstic acid, xenic acid, citric acid, formicacid, pyroantimonic acid, antimonic acid, antimonous acid, silicic acid,titanic acid, arsenic acid, pertechnetic acid, hydroarsenic acid,tetraboric acid, metastannic acid, hypooxalous acid, silicous acid,uranic acid, diuranic acid, malonic acid, tartartic acid, glutamic acid,phthalic acid, azelaic acid, barbituric acid, benzilic acid, cinnamicacid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, hexanoic acid, lacticacid, malic acid, oleic acid, folic acid, propiolic acid, propionicacid, rosolic acid, stearic acid, tannic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,uric acid, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, aceticacid, or an acidic organic amine.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the strong acid and/orweak acid relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 isabout 1% to about 60%, preferably about 2% to about 58%, more preferablyabout 3% to about 56%, and particularly about 4% to about 54%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the strong acidand/or weak acid relative to the total weight of the final dilutedproduct 103 is about 0.1% to about 16%, preferably about 0.2% to about14%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 12%, and particularly about0.4% to about 10%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the strong acidand/or weak acid relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate201 is about is about 5% to about 45%, preferably about 6% to about 40%,more preferably about 7% to about 35%, and particularly about 8% toabout 30%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the strong acidand/or weak acid relative to the total weight of the final dilutedproduct 202 is about 0.5% to about 20%, preferably about 1% to about18%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 16%, and particularly about 2%to about 14%.

The strong base and/or weak base may include but is not limited todisodium phosphate (DSP), disodium phosphate hydrate, dipotassiumphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassiumbicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, calciumcarbonate, sodium acetate, trisodium citrate, trisodium phosphate,tripotassium phosphate, diammonium citrate, sodium borate, sodiumN-Cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonate, sodium 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazineethanesulfonate, sodiumN-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonate, sodiumN-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonate, sodium3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, sodium3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonate, sodium sulfide,zinc chloride hydroxide, magnesium oxychloride, aluminum hydroxide,bismuth oxychloride, beryllium hydroxide, boron hydroxide, calciumhydroxide, cesium hydroxide, cobalt(III) hydroxide, copper(II)hydroxide, gallium(III) hydroxide, gold(III) hydroxide, indium(II)hydroxide, iridium(III) hydroxide, iron(III) hydroxide, lithiumhydroxide, molybdenum hydroxide, nickel oxo-hydroxide, nickel(III)hydroxide, osmium(IV) hydroxide, silver hydroxide, strontium hydroxide,technetium(II) hydroxide, thorium hydroxide, tin(IV) hydroxide,titanium(III) hydroxide, tungsten(II) hydroxide, yttrium hydroxide,zirconium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, bismuth(III)hydroxide, cerium(III) hydroxide, chromium(II) hydroxide, cobalt(II)hydroxide, copper(I) hydroxide, gallium(II) hydroxide, gold(I)hydroxide, indium(I) hydroxide, indium(III) hydroxide, iron(II)hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, neodymiumhydroxide, nickel(II) hydroxide, niobium hydroxide, palladium(II)hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tantalum(V) hydroxide,tetramethylammonium hydroxide, thallium(III) hydroxide, tin(II)hydroxide, titanium(II) hydroxide, titanium(IV) hydroxide, uranylhydroxide, vanadium(III) hydroxide, ytterbium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide,or a basic organic amine.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the strong base and/orweak base relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 isabout 0.5% to about 20%, preferably about 0.75% to about 18%, morepreferably about 1% to about 16%, and particularly about 1.25% to about14%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the strong baseand/or weak base relative to the total weight of the final dilutedproduct 103 is about 0.5% to about 25%, preferably about 1% to about20%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 18%, and particularly about 2%to about 16%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the strong baseand/or weak base relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate201 is about is about 5% to about 35%, preferably about 6% to about 30%,more preferably about 7% to about 25%, and particularly about 8% toabout 20%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the strong baseand/or weak base relative to the total weight of the final dilutedproduct 202 is about 0.8% to about 16%, preferably about 1% to about14%, more preferably about 1.2% to about 12%, and particularly about1.4% to about 10%.

In one embodiment, the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200has a pH of about 5.0 to about 7.0, preferably about 5.2 to about 6.8,more preferably about 5.4 to about 6.6, and more preferably about 5.6 toabout 6.4. For example, the pH of the forest fire retardant composition100 and/or 200 may be about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, or any value in between5.6 and 6.4. In another embodiment, the forest fire retardantcomposition 100 and/or 200 has a pH of about 6.0 to about 8.0,preferably about 6.1 to about 7.9, more preferably about 6.2 to about7.8. In another embodiment, the forest fire retardant composition 100and/or 200 has a pH of about 7.0 to about 9.0, preferably about 7.2 toabout 8.8, more preferably about 7.4 to about 8.6, and more preferablyabout 7.6 to about 8.4. For example, the pH of the forest fire retardantcomposition 100 and/or 200 may be about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about7.9, about 8.0, about 8.1, about 8.2, about 8.3, about 8.4, or any valuein between 7.6 and 8.4. For example, when the forest fire retardantcomposition 100 and/or 200 includes MAP and/or another acidic retardantsalt, the pH of the composition is buffered by adding at least onestrong base and/or weak base to achieve a pH of about 5.0 to about 7.0,preferably about 5.2 to about 6.8, more preferably about 5.4 to about6.6, and more preferably about 5.6 to about 6.4. Alternatively, when theforest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200 includes DAP and/oranother basic retardant salt, the pH of the composition is buffered byadding at least one strong acid and/or weak acid to achieve a pH ofabout 7.0 to about 9.0, preferably about 7.2 to about 8.8, morepreferably about 7.4 to about 8.6, and more preferably about 7.6 toabout 8.4. Alternatively, when the forest fire retardant composition 100and/or 200 includes both MAP and DAP, the pH of the composition isbuffered by adding at least one strong base and/or weak base to achievea pH of about 5.5 to about 7.5, preferably about 5.7 to about 7.3, morepreferably about 6.0 to about 7.0, and more preferably about 6.1 toabout 6.9. In one embodiment, when the forest fire retardant composition100 and/or 200 includes both MAP and DAP, the pH of the composition maybe buffered by one of more of the phosphate salts disclosed herein, forexample disodium phosphate.

In one embodiment, the forest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200has an ionic molarity of about 1.0 to about 6.0, preferably about 1.2 toabout 5.5, more preferably about 1.4 to about 5.0, more preferably about1.6 to about 4.8. For example, the ionic molarity may be about 1.8 toabout 4.6. As used herein, “ionic molarity” means a first orderapproximation of the ionic molarity of the retardant compound(s) andbuffer(s) present in the composition 100 and/or 200. The first orderapproximation of the ionic molarity is the sum of the moles of expectedions in solution (i.e., the sum of the product of the moles of eachretardant compound(s) and/or buffering agent and the expected ions/molfor each retardant compound(s) and/or buffer species in solution)divided by the solution volume in liters (L). Ions that are not from theretardant compound(s) or buffer are not considered. A sample first orderapproximation of the ionic molarity is show in in Equation 1 below:

${1{st}{Order}{Approximation}{of}{Ionic}{Molarity}} = \frac{\sum\left( {\left( {\left( {{{ions}A}/{mol}A} \right) \star {{mol}A}} \right) + {\left( {\left( {{ions}B/{mol}B} \right) \star {{mol}B}} \right)\ldots}} \right)}{{vol}(L)}$

The composition 100 and/or 200 may also include surfactant componentsincluding but not limited to a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodiumlauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), modifiedsilicones and emulsions thereof such as, a food grade foam control agentfrom Ivanhoe Industries Inc. including but not limited to a hydrophobicdispersion in oil (e.g., XFO-880, XFO-884, XFO-893, XFO-270, XFO-280,XFO-399, XFO-501AV, XFO-515B, XFO-809), a 10% active silicone emulsion(e.g., XFO-10S, XFO-220), a 30% active silicone emulsion (e.g., XFO-30S,XFO-225), a 100% active silicone compound (e.g., XFO-100S), a non-ionicsurfactant (e.g., XFO-313, I-FLO 3K, I-FLO 6K), a non-ionic surfactantin oil (e.g., XFO-FG2), or a polyol blend (e.g., XFO-635D, XFO-645D,XFO-FD92), a food-grade, silicone emulsion from Dow Chemical (e.g.,XIAMETER ACP-1920, XIAMETER AFE-1510, XIAMETER AFE-0010, XIAMETERAFE-1520, XIAMETER AFE-1530, XIAMETER AFE-0300, XIAMETER AFE-0100,XIAMETER ACP-1500), a food-grade, non-silicone defoamer, poloxamers,polyoxyethylene block copolymer surfactant (e.g., Pluronic® L101), fattyalcohols, zwitterionic surfactants, polyglycerol esters, sorbitanesters, lecithins, alkylammonium salts, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, or acombination of the above to reduce surface tension and increase thespreading and wetting properties of the forest fire retardantcomposition 100 and/or 200.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the surfactantrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.01%to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, more preferablyabout 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% to about 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the surfactantrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the surfactantrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about0.01% to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, morepreferably about 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% toabout 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the surfactantrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

The composition 100 and/or 200 may also include adjuvants including butnot limited to triethanolamine, propylene glycol, propylene carbonate,RJ-7033, RJ-7077, Silwet HS-312, Silwet HS-604, Silwet 625, Silwet 641,Silwet PD, XFO-10S FG Silicone, XFO-30S FG, KFO 200, poloxamers (i.e.nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain ofpolyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilicchains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide))), P104, PE 3100,PE6800, polyethylene glycol, or polypropylene glycol, or a combinationof the above.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the adjuvant relativeto the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.01% to about5.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 4.5%, more preferably about 0.04%to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.06% to about 3.5%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the adjuvantrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about0.006% to about 3.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 2.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 2.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 2.4%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the adjuvantrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about0.01% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.04% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.06% toabout 3.5%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the adjuvantrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about0.006% to about 3.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 2.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 2.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 2.4%.

The composition 100 and/or 200 may be uncolored (i.e., clear, naturalcolored, or free of colorants), or it may be colored using a colorant.The colorant may be a fugitive colorant, a non-fugitive colorant, or acombination of the two. The composition 100 and/or 200 has a first huewhich is a color, i.e., either colorless or a color which blends withthe normal vegetation and/or ground in the drop zone. This first hue maybe grey or white or a combination of the two. The colorant initiallycolors the composition 100 and/or 200 to a second hue which contrastswith the hue of the ground vegetation. The colorant may be a fugitivecomponent such as a dye or a dye which is dispersed in a matrix (i.e., apigment), which fades over time and under ambient field conditions to acolorless or less highly colored hue. The colorant may be a mixture ofan organic pigment (e.g., a fluorescent pigment) and inorganic pigment(e.g., iron oxide and/or titanium). Preferably the colorant is one thatis compatible with the fire retardant salts described herein. Thefugitive colorant may fade over time with exposure to sunlight. Thefugitive colorant may also be a fast fade fugitive colorant that isdesigned to last a few hours to a few weeks, for example.

Several fugitive component dyes and pigments can be used as a colorant.The colorant may be a dye(s) and/or a pigment(s). For example, manywater-soluble dyes fade rapidly and there are so-called fluorescentpigments (fluorescent dyes encapsulated in a resin integument ordispersed in a thermoplastic as an emulsion) which are suspended inforest fire retardant compositions and which also fade rapidly toprovide a fugitive effect. The colorant may be an agricultural,pesticide, or food-grade dye or combinations of such dyes that are red,pink, claret, and/or cerise. Examples of fugitive dyes and pigmentsinclude, but are not limited to, C.I. Basic Red I dye, 6BL dye, BasicViolet II dye, C.I. Basic Violet 11:1 (tetrachlorozincate), C.I. BasicRed 1:1, Basic Yellow 40, acid fuchsin, basic fuchsin, new fuchsin, acidred 1, acid red 4, acid red 8, acid red 18, acid red 27, acid red 37,acid red 88, acid red 97, acid red 114, acid red 151, acid red 183, acidred 183, fast red violet 1B base, solvent red, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine6G, Rhodamine 123, Rhodamine 110 chloride, erythrosine B, Basacryl red,Phloxine B, rose Bengal, direct red 80, direct red 80, Sudan red 7B,Congo red, neutral red, Fluorescent Red Mega 480, Fluorescent red 610,Fluorescent red 630, Fluorescent Red Mega 520, Pylaklor Red S-361,Pylaklor Scarlet LX-6364A Pylam Bright Red LX-1895 Pylam Coral LX-1801,FD&C Red #3, FD&C Red #4, FD&C Red #40, FD&C Red #4 Lake, D&C Red #33,D&C Red #33 Lake, and encapsulated-dye pigments which are availablecommercially, e.g., the “AX” series pigments, supplied by Day-Glo ColorCorp., Cleveland, Ohio. The dye may be Liquitint 564 (λ=564 nm) orLiquitint Agro Pink 564 (λ=564 nm) from Milliken & Company (Spartanburg,S.C.). The colorant may also be an organic pigment such as a fluorescentpigment. The fluorescent pigment may be Day-Glo Aurora pink or anotherpink, red, orange, or crimson (or a combination of the four) fluorescentpigment dispersion. The fluorescent pigment may be UV sensitive and/orbe substantially free of formaldehyde and/or have a Lab color spacing of“L” in a range from about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range from about 18to about 83, and “b” in a range from about −61 to about 56, based on theInternational Commission of Illumination LAB color space model.

The colorant may be a colorant from Greenville Colorants (New Brunswick,N.J.) or Milliken & Company (Spartanburg, S.C.). For example, thecolorant is a colorant that is compatible for use with the fireretardant salts described herein, such as colorants used in magnesiumchloride dust-control and road-stabilization formulations, or inmagnesium chloride de-icing formulations. The colorant may be ElcomineScarlet NAS, Elcomine Scarlaet NAS EX, or Iron Oxide GC-110P fromGreenville Colorants. The colorant may be a combination of Liquitint 564and Iron Oxide GC-110P.

The colorant of the composition 100 and/or 200 may be a dye or includeencapsulated-dye fugitive pigments without ultraviolet absorbers.Compared to water soluble dyes, encapsulated-dye pigments are lesslikely to permanently stain the normal vegetation and/or ground in thedrop zone. The fugitive component is present in an amount which providesa color (second hues) to the forest fire retardant composition 100and/or 200 which is contrasts with the color of the vegetation and/orground in the drop zone (normally green, blue-green and/or brown).Advantageously, the second hue is red, orange or pink. The color of thedye may be red, orange, purple, or pink or any combination of the four.Preferably, the dye is one that is compatible with the fire retardantsalts described herein. Alternatively, the composition 100 and/or 200may be colorless if no colorant is added.

The colorant may also include a non-fugitive component, i.e., acomponent which is insoluble in the carrier liquid and which, ifcolored, does not necessarily fade after aerial application of theforest fire retardant composition 100 and/or 200. The non-fugitivecomponent of the colorant is present in an amount sufficient to improvethe aerial visibility of the composition when it is first applied to thevegetation. However, the non-fugitive component is present in less thanan amount which prevents the composition from thereafter fading aneutral color. The colorant may be a combination of the fugitive andnon-fugitive components. The non-fugitive component in the forest fireretardant composition 100 and/or 200 may be iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ and/orFe₃O₄). The iron oxide may be present in combination with the fugitivecolorant described above and titanium dioxide or it may be presentalone. The weight of the non-fugitive colorant may contain a minimum ofat least 12 grams of the non-fugitive colorant in accordance withSpecification 5100-304d (Jan. 7, 2020), which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the organic pigmentrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.2% toabout 6.0%, preferably about 0.4% to about 5.5%, more preferably about0.6% to about 5.0%, and particularly about 0.8% to about 4.5%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the organicpigment relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 isabout 0.0125% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.025% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.75% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.1% toabout 3.5%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the organic pigmentrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 0.2%to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.4% to about 5.5%, more preferablyabout 0.6% to about 5.0%, and particularly about 0.8% to about 4.5%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the organicpigment relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 isabout 0.0125% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.025% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.75% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.1% toabout 3.5%.

The composition 100 and/or 200 may also include an inorganic pigment.The inorganic pigment may act as a colorant. The inorganic pigment mayinclude but is not limited to Iron Oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesiumhydroxide, cobalt blue, cerulean blue, malachite, earth green, rawumber, raw sienna, iron black, or burnt sienna. The Iron Oxide may actas an opacifier. The titanium dioxide may act as a pigment, for example,to provide a white pigment. The titanium dioxide may also act as aphoto-responsive material to create opacity by scattering light or byprotecting the components of the forest fire retardant composition 100and/or 200 from UV degradation.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the inorganic pigmentrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.01%to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, more preferablyabout 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% to about 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the inorganicpigment relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 isabout 0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the inorganicpigment relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 isabout 0.01% to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, morepreferably about 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% toabout 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the inorganicpigment relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 isabout 0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the total colorantrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.01%to about 7.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 6.5%, more preferablyabout 0.04% to about 6.0%, and particularly about 0.06% to about 5.5%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the totalcolorant relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103is about 0.06% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.08% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.1% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.12% toabout 3.5%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the total colorantrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about0.01% to about 7.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 6.5%, morepreferably about 0.04% to about 6.0%, and particularly about 0.06% toabout 5.5%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the totalcolorant relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202is about 0.02% to about 5.0%, preferably about 0.04% to about 4.5%, morepreferably about 0.06% to about 4.0%, and particularly about 0.08% toabout 3.5%.

The composition 100 and/or 200 may also include a glow-in-the-darkadditive. The glow-in-the-dark additive improves the visibility of thefire retardant composition during periods of darkness. Nighttimevisibility of the composition is improved, for example, to the nakedhuman eye and/or using imaging equipment such as goggles. Theglow-in-the-dark additive can include one or more phosphorescentadditives that imparts photoluminescence properties to the forest fireretardant composition 100 and/or 200. The phosphorescent additive mayexhibit fluorescence and/or phosphorescence. The phosphorescent additivemay be charged with sunlight or artificial lighting, such as UVradiation or Fluorescent lighting. The phosphorescent additive may emitlight in the visible light region or in the ultraviolet region.Alternatively, the phosphorescent additive may emit light in the nearinfrared region and be visualized using infrared goggles. Examples ofthe phosphorescent additive include LumiNova, LumiNova Green (G),LumiNova G PS-2, LumiNova Blue Green (BG), a zinc sulfide pigment, ormixtures thereof. The amount of the glow-in-the-dark additive, relativeto the amount of composition 100 and/or 200 is about 100 g/1000 L toabout 1000 g/1000 L, preferably about 200 g/1000 L to about 800 g/1000L, and more preferably about 300 g/1000 L to about 700 g/1000 L. Forexample, the amount of the glow-in-the-dark additive, relative to theamount of composition 100 and/or 200 is about 350 g/1000 L to about 550g/1000 L.

The glow-in the-dark additive may also include one or more fluorophores.The fluorophore(s) may exhibit fluorescence and/or phosphorescence. Thefluorophore(s) may be visible in the near infrared region (i.e., 700nm-1700 nm wavelength of light). Visualization can be achieved usingnear infrared goggles. Examples of fluorophores include CH1055(4.8-Bis(2-(4-(bis(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)-5H-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole),as well as Cy7 or Cy7.5, or mixtures thereof. Glow-in-the-dark additivesthat exhibit fluorescence include fluorescent pigments described above.

The composition 100 and/or 200 may optionally include other ingredients,such as spoilage inhibitors, flow conditioners, anti-foaming agents,foaming agents, stability additives, biocide, thickening agents,surfactants, adjuvants, corrosion inhibitors other than those of thecorrosion inhibiting system, opacifiers, additional coloring agents,liquid carrier, dedusters, and water. The deduster may include mineraloil.

In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the mineral oilrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0.01%to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, more preferablyabout 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% to about 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the mineral oilrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the mineral oilrelative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about0.01% to about 3.5%, preferably about 0.02% to about 3.0%, morepreferably about 0.04% to about 2.5%, and particularly about 0.06% toabout 2.0%.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the mineral oilrelative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about0.006% to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.008% to about 1.8%, morepreferably about 0.01% to about 1.6%, and particularly about 0.012% toabout 1.4%.

Formation of the Dry Concentrate 101

The dry components of the forest fire retardant composition 100 arebatch mixed in a tumbler to form a dry concentrate 101. Alternatively,the dry components may be continuously mixed. In one embodiment theorganic amine (e.g., triethanolamine), corrosion inhibitor, and watermay be added as a pack to the dry concentrate 101. The pack may includewater to assist with mixing the components of the dry concentrate. Inanother embodiment the pack may also include the colorant. In anotherembodiment the salt(s) may be mixed with water and then dehydratedbefore being added to the dry concentrate 101. The resulting dehydratedsalt mixture may include a mixture of sodium ammonium hydrates includingsodium ammonium tetrahydrate, for example. The dry concentrate 101 isthen stored, substantially in the absence of air and/or externalmoisture, in a sealed bag having a plastic liner and/or moisturebarrier. For example, each sealed bag can contain about 2,000 pounds ofthe dry concentrate 101 during storage and shipment to the point of use(e.g., airfield). Alternatively, the dry concentrate 101 may be storedin lined one-ton tote sacks or super sacks. Air-sealed bags with aplastic liner supplied by Semi-Bulk Systems Inc. (St. Louis, Mo.) can beused. Alternatively, an air-permeable moisture barrier can be used, suchas a barrier made of a silicone material. The dry concentrate 101 issubstantially free of water. The dry composition 101 is chemicallystable under normal temperatures and pressures. The dry concentrate 101should be protected from exposure to humidity and moisture onmoisture-proof air pallets or under a water-resistant tarp duringstorage. The dry concentrate 101 may be supplied as part of a kit thatincludes a sealed container substantially in the absence of air and/orexternal moisture (e.g., air-sealed bag, air-permeable moisture sealedbag, tote sack, super sack) and instructions for using the dryconcentrate 101 to form the final diluted product 103 (described below).In the case where the final diluted product 103 is to be applied on alocalized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kitmay contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 103(e.g., a 1-2 gallon hand-held or 4 gallon backpack or 5 galloncart-style container with an applicator wand and/or hose, or a 15-25gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrainvehicle or truck), and instructions for using the dry concentrate 101 toform and apply the final diluted product 103.

Forming the Intermediate Liquid Concentrate 102

The liquid concentrate 102 may be formed by the addition of water orother solvent to the dry concentrate 101. The water may be tap water orwater from other convenient water sources. Alternatively, the liquidconcentrate 102 may be formed upon absorption of moisture by the dryconcentrate 101 if the dry concentrate 101 is deliquescent.

The dry concentrate 101 is first mixed to disperse the thickeningagent(s) in the dry blend before any liquid additions. The dryconcentrate 101 is agitated to prevent clumping of the dry componentswhen batch mixed with water or other solvent to form the liquidconcentrate 102. Alternatively, the liquid concentrate 102 may beprepared using continuous mixing equipment. Alternatively, the water orother solvent may be added by spraying onto a ribbon of well-mixed dryingredients. For example, the water or other solvent could be sprayedonto the dry components while traveling across a conveyor belt. Oncemixed, the liquid concentrate 102 is then stored, substantially in theabsence of air, in a sealed container. For example, the sealed containerfor storage and shipment to the point of use (e.g., airfield) may be a1,000 L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum. The liquidconcentrate 102 is chemically stable under normal temperatures andpressures.

The liquid concentrate 102 may be supplied as part of a kit thatincludes a sealed container for storage and shipment substantially inthe absence of air and/or external moisture (e.g., 1,000 L tote, a5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum) and instructions for using the liquidconcentrate 102 to form the final diluted product 103 (described below).In the case where the final diluted product 103 is to be applied on alocalized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kitmay contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 103(e.g., a 1-2 gallon hand-held or 4 gallon backpack or 5 galloncart-style container with an applicator wand and/or hose, or a 15-25gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrainvehicle or truck), and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 102to form and apply the final diluted product 103.

Forming the Final Diluted Product 103

The final diluted product 103 is formed either directly from the dryconcentrate 101 by mixing the dry concentrate 101 with water or bymixing the liquid concentrate 102 with water. The dry concentrate 101 orthe liquid concentrate 102 is shipped to the point of use (e.g.,airfield), where it is diluted with water or other solvent to form thefinal diluted product 103. The dry concentrate 101 is added slowly intoroom temperature (or cooler) water with stirring. The water may be tapwater or water from other convenient water sources. The product is mixedusing the current mixing equipment available to the USFS.

The reaction exhibits a low exotherm and a good mix ratio. The productis stirred for about 2-30 minutes depending on the mixing technology andthe scale. The final diluted product 103 can also be prepared on acommercial batch scale by combining the dry concentrate 101 with ameasured amount of water in an appropriate mix vessel such as anagitated mix tank. Alternatively, the final diluted product 103 may beprepared on a commercial batch scale using continuous mixing equipment.The rate of addition of solid concentrate to water should be controlledto assure efficient mixing of the concentrate and the water.Alternately, a continuous process may be conducted by introducing thedry concentrate 101 into a water stream via a vacuum eductor system.Downstream mixing should be accomplished to avoid product settling inthe receiving tank, or the receiving tank itself should be vigorouslycirculated to facilitate solution and adequate hydration of the dryconcentrate 101.

The final diluted composition 103 can also be batch mixed by feeding thedry concentrate 101 into a well-circulated mix-batch tank.Alternatively, the final diluted composition 103 may be mixed usingcontinuous mixing equipment. Mix tank agitation may be provided via anoverhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternatively by a circulationpump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Alternatively, a venturi-typevacuum eductor mixer or an in-line high-shear mixer can be used. Forbatch mixing, the mix water is agitated or circulated to provideefficient mixing, then a one-ton sack of dry concentrate 101 is addedslowly, typically by suspending the sack over the mix tank (via a forklift or by other manner), and opening the discharge spout on the sack toallow product to flow out of the sack into the mix solution. Theaddition rate should be controlled to avoid settling of the solidconcentrate in the mix tank. The final diluted product 103 is in a formsuitable to fight forest fires via aerial- or ground-based application.

The dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the finaldiluted product 103 has a retardant compound (e.g. salt) weight percentof about 2% to about 70%, preferably about 5% to about 40%, morepreferably about 7% to about 30%. For example, the concentration ofretardant compound (e.g., salt) in final diluted product 103 is about 8%to about 25%.

The liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the finaldiluted product 103 has a retardant compound (e.g. salt) weight percentof about 2% to about 70%, preferably about 5% to about 40%, morepreferably about 7% to about 30%. For example, the concentration ofretardant compound (e.g., salt) in final diluted product 103 is about 8%to about 25%.

The final diluted product 103 is a long-term forest fire retardant withimproved aerial visibility for either a direct or indirect attack. Theresulting final diluted product 103 is an opaque reddish and/or pinkishand/or orangish suspension that resists settling. The final dilutedproduct 103 should be mixed approximately every 7-10 days to ensureuniform density. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 can beadjusted to accommodate a variety of aircrafts by adjusting the amountsof thickening agent(s) added to the mixture. The final diluted product103 may be a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant. Theviscosity may be in the range of 150-400 cP, 401 cP to 800 cP, or >801cP, for a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant,respectively. The final diluted product 103 may alternatively be a highviscosity long term retardant through the addition of more thickeningagent. Alternatively, the final diluted product 103 may be a lowviscosity long term retardant through the use of less thickening agent.Once blended with water, the final diluted product 103 is a homogeneous,stable fluid that requires only infrequent stirring. The final dilutedproduct 103 is hydrated into a stable mixture in 20 minutes, without theuse of special equipment.

Forming the Liquid Concentrate 201

The components of the forest fire retardant composition 200 are batchmixed to form a liquid concentrate 201. Alternatively, the forest fireretardant composition 200 may be mixed using continuous mixingequipment. The mixing should be controlled to ensure that all of the drycomponents are adequately dispersed and hydrated to ensure that theformulation is maintained. The water in the liquid composition 201 maybe tap water or water from other convenient water sources. The liquidcomposition 201 is chemically stable under normal temperatures andpressures. Once mixed, the liquid concentrate 201 is then stored,substantially in the absence of air and/or external moisture, in asealed container. The liquid concentrate 201 should be protected fromexposure to humidity and moisture. For example, the sealed container forstorage and shipment to the point of use (e.g., airfield) may be a 1,000L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum. The liquid concentrate 201is chemically stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

The liquid concentrate 201 may be supplied as part of a kit thatincludes a sealed container for storage and shipment, substantially inthe absence of air and/or external moisture, (e.g., 1,000 L tote, a5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum) and instructions for using the liquidconcentrate 201 to form the final diluted product 202 (described below).Air-sealed bags with a plastic liner supplied by Semi-Bulk Systems Inc.(St. Louis, Mo.) can be used. Alternatively, an air-permeable moisturebarrier can be used, such as a barrier made of a silicone material. Inthe case where the final diluted product 202 is to be applied on alocalized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kitmay contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 202(e.g., a 1-2 gallon hand-held or 4 gallon backpack or 5 galloncart-style container with an applicator wand and/or hose, or a 15-25gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrainvehicle or truck), and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 201to form and apply the final diluted product 202.

Forming the Final Diluted Product 202

The final diluted product 202 is formed by mixing the liquid concentrate201 with water. The liquid concentrate 201 is shipped to the point ofuse (e.g., airfield), where it is diluted with water or other solvent toform the final diluted product 202. The water may be tap water or waterfrom other convenient water sources. The product is mixed using thecurrent mixing equipment available to the USFS. The liquid concentrate201 is very miscible in water and special mixing precautions are notnecessary other than to limit splash escaping the mixing vessel. Thetank contents should be circulated via a centrifugal pump or anotherstirring means to ensure uniform mixing.

The reaction has a low exotherm and a good mix ratio. The product isstirred for about 20-30 minutes before being allowed to stand to developa stable viscosity and ensure a uniform mixture. The final dilutedproduct 202 can also be prepared on a commercial batch scale bycombining the liquid concentrate 201 with a measured amount of water inan appropriate mix vessel such as an agitated mix tank. Alternatively,the final diluted composition 202 may be prepared on a commercial batchscale using continuous mixing equipment. The rate of addition of liquidconcentrate to water should be controlled to assure efficient mixing ofthe concentrate and the water. The final diluted product 202 forms astable suspension and should be stirred after standing to eliminate anysettling of the components.

The final diluted composition 202 can also be batch mixed by feeding theliquid concentrate 201 into a well-circulated mix-batch tank.Alternatively, the final diluted composition 202 may be mixed usingcontinuous mixing equipment. Mix tank agitation may be provided via anoverhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternatively by a circulationpump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Alternatively, a venturi-typevacuum eductor mixer or an in-line high-shear mixer can be used. Thefinal diluted product 202 is in a form suitable to fight forest firesvia aerial- or ground-based application.

In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of retardantcompound (e.g., salt) is about 2% to about 70%, preferably about 5% toabout 40%, more preferably about 7% to about 30%. For example, theconcentration of retardant compound (e.g., salt) in final dilutedproduct 202 is about 8% to about 15%, and specifically about 9.5%±2%.

The final diluted product 202 is a long-term forest fire retardant withimproved aerial visibility for either a direct or indirect attack. Theresulting final diluted product 202 is an opaque pink or red-purplesuspension that resists settling. The final diluted product 202 shouldbe mixed approximately every 7-10 days to ensure uniform density. Theviscosity of the final diluted product 202 can be adjusted toaccommodate a variety of aircrafts by adjusting the amounts ofthickening agent(s) added to the mixture. The final diluted product 202may be a may be a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant.The viscosity may be in the range of 150-400 cP, 401 cP to 800 cP,or >801 cP, for a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant,respectively. Once blended with water, the final diluted product 202 isa homogeneous, stable fluid that requires only infrequent stirring. Thefinal diluted product 202 is hydrated into a stable mixture in 20minutes, without the use of special equipment.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In Example 1, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 2 below. The values in Table 2 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or +2%, or2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 2 Dry Concentrate according to Example 1 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 90.44%  Mineral Oil 0.85%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 3.41% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 2.56% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.17% Fluorescent Pigment1.71% Surfactant 0.85% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 1, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 1 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 3 below. The values in Table 3 can be varied by±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 3 Final Diluted Product according to Example 1 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 10.60%  MineralOil 0.10% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.40% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.30% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.02% FluorescentPigment 0.20% Surfactant 0.10% Water 88.28%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 maybe in the range of about 7.5 to about 8.5, for example about 8.0. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 may be inthe range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 2

In Example 2, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 4 below. The values in Table 4 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1.0%, or 1.5%, or +2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or 5.0%.

TABLE 4 Dry Concentrate according to Example 2 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 92.56%  Mineral Oil 0.44%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.44% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 3.06% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.31% Fluorescent Pigment3.06% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 2, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 2 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 5 below. The values in Table 5 can be varied by±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 5 Final Diluted Product according to Example 2 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 10.60%  MineralOil 0.05% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.05% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.35% Surfactant 0.02% Water 88.55%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 maybe in the range of about 7.5 to about 8.5, for example about 8.0. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be inthe range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 3

In Example 3, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 6 below. The values in Table 6 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1.0%, or 1.5%, or +2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or 5.0%.

TABLE 6 Dry Concentrate according to Example 3 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 92.36%  Mineral Oil 0.44%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.65% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 3.05% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.30% Fluorescent Pigment3.05% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 3, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 3 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 7 below. The values in Table 7 can be varied by±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 7 Final Diluted Product according to Example 3 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 10.600%  MineralOil 0.050% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 88.523%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 maybe in the range of about 7.5 to about 8.5, for example about 8.0. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 may be inthe range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 4—Prophetic Example

In Example 4, a dry concentrate is prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 8 below. The values in Table 8 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or 4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 8 Dry Concentrate according to Example 4 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 92.36%  Mineral Oil 0.44%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.65% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 3.05% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.30% Fluorescent Pigment3.05% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 4, the final diluted product 103 is prepared by mixingapproximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 4 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 9 below. The values in Table 9 can be varied by±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 9 Final Diluted Product according to Example 4 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 10.600%  MineralOil 0.050% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 88.523%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 4 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 4 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for exampleabout 2. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example4 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.0.

Example 5

In Example 5, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 10 below. The values in Table 10 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 10 Dry Concentrate according to Example 5 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 69.69%  Mineral Oil 0.38%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.38% water) Buffering Agent24.23%  Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.27% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.27%Fluorescent Pigment 2.65% Surfactant 0.13% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 5, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.17 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 5 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 11 below. The values in Table 11 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 9.2%±1.0%.

TABLE 11 Final Diluted Product according to Example 5 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.200% MineralOil 0.050% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.050% water)Buffering Agent 3.199% Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.300% gum RedIron Oxide 0.035% Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water86.799%  Total Weight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 maybe in the range of about 7.2 to about 8.2, for example about 7.86. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be inthe range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for example about 1.0. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 6

In Example 6, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 12 below. The values in Table 12 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 12 Dry Concentrate according to Example 6 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate SAP-TH 95.05%  Mineral Oil0.28% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.42% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 1.97% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.20% FluorescentPigment 1.97% Surfactant 0.10% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 6, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.58 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 6 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 13 below. The values in Table 13 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 30% by weight in water, preferably about 10% to 25%, morepreferably about 12% to 22%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 16.9%±1.0%.

TABLE 13 Final Diluted Product according to Example 6 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product SAP-TH 16.850% Mineral Oil 0.050% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 82.273%  16.850% Total Weight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 maybe in the range of about 7.2 to about 8.2, for example about 7.73. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be inthe range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for example about 1.0. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 7

In Example 7, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 14 below. The values in Table 14 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 14 Dry Concentrate according to Example 7 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 44.63%  DSP 47.98%  MineralOil 0.42% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.63% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 2.95% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.29% FluorescentPigment 2.95% Surfactant 0.14% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 7, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.06 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 7 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 15 below. The values in Table 15 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%.

TABLE 15 Final Diluted Product according to Example 7 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.300% DSP5.698% Mineral Oil 0.050% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide0.035% Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 88.126%  TotalWeight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 maybe in the range of about 7.2 to about 8.2, for example about 7.73. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be inthe range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for example about 1.0. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be in therange of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.6.

Example 8

In Example 8, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 16 below. The values in Table 16 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 16 Dry Concentrate according to Example 8 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 71.28%  Buffering Agent22.51%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.56% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 2.63% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.26% FluorescentPigment 2.63% Surfactant 0.13% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 8, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.28 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 8 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 17 below. The values in Table 17 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 9.5%±1.0%.

TABLE 17 Final Diluted Product according to Example 8 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.500% BufferingAgent 3.000% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 86.673%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 maybe in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.2. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be inthe range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for example about 1.0. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be in therange of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.1.

Example 9

In Example 9, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 18 below. The values in Table 18 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 18 Dry Concentrate according to Example 9 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 76.11%  Buffering Agent17.95%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.54% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 2.51% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.25% FluorescentPigment 2.51% Surfactant 0.12% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 9, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.35 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 9 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 19 below. The values in Table 19 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 19 Final Diluted Product according to Example 9 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 10.600% Buffering Agent 2.500% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide0.035% Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 86.073%  TotalWeight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 maybe in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.26. TheN/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be inthe range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.0. The ionicmolarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be in therange of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.3.

Example 10

In Example 10, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 20 below. The values in Table 20 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 20 Dry Concentrate according to Example 10 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 77.75%  Buffering Agent15.48%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.61% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 2.86% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.29% FluorescentPigment 2.86% Surfactant 0.14% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 10, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.16 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 10 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 21 below. The values in Table 21 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 9.5%±1.0%.

TABLE 21 Final Diluted Product according to Example 10 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.500% BufferingAgent 1.892% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 87.781%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.23.The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 maybe in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for example about 1.0. Theionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 may be inthe range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.1.

Example 11

In Example 11, a liquid concentrate was prepared containing the amountsof ingredients listed in Table 22 below. The values in Table 22 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 22 Liquid Concentrate according to Example 11 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Ingredient Liquid Concentrate MAP 42.90%  BufferingAgent 13.55%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.34% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 1.58% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.16%Fluorescent Pigment 1.58% Surfactant 0.08% Water 39.82%  Total Weight ofLiquid Concentrate  100%

In Example 11, the final diluted product 202 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.37 pounds of the liquid concentrate in 1 gallon ofwater. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 11 final dilutedproduct 202 are listed in Table 23 below. The values in Table 23 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 11 final diluted product 202 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 11 final diluted product 202 is about 9.5%±1.0%.

TABLE 23 Final Diluted Product according to Example 11 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.500% BufferingAgent 3.000% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.075% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.350% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.035%Fluorescent Pigment 0.350% Surfactant 0.017% Water 86.673%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 202 of Example 11 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 202 of Example 11may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.22.The viscosity of the final diluted product 202 of Example 11 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 202 ofExample 11 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1.0. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 202 ofExample 11 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for exampleabout 2.1.

Example 12

In Example 12, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 24 below. The values in Table 24 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 24 Dry Concentrate according to Example 12 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 48.92%  DAP 21.42%  DSP22.96%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.77% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 3.18% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.32% FluorescentPigment 2.27% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 12, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.03 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 12 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 25 below. The values in Table 25 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 10.3%±1.0%.

TABLE 25 Final Diluted Product according to Example 12 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 5.39% DAP 2.36%DSP 2.53% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.09% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 88.983%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.23.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 12 may be in the range of about 0.8 to about 1.1, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example12 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.1.

Example 13

In Example 13, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 26 below. The values in Table 26 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 26 Dry Concentrate according to Example 13 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 41.45%  Buffering Agent7.61% DSP 44.57%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.65% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.66% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.27%Fluorescent Pigment 2.66% Surfactant 0.13% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 13, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.26 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 13 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 27 below. The values in Table 27 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 11.31%±1.0%.

TABLE 27 Final Diluted Product according to Example 13 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% BufferingAgent 1.00% DSP 5.86% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.09%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.35% Surfactant 0.02% Water 86.853%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13 may be in therange of about 0.8 g/mL to about 1.4 g/mL, for example about 1.0 g/mL toabout 1.3 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 7.14.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 13 may be in the range of about 0.8 to about 1.1, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example13 may be in the range of about 2.5 to about 3.5, for example about 2.9.

Example 14

In Example 14, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 28 below. The values in Table 28 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 28 Dry Concentrate according to Example 14 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 49.84%  DAP 21.82%  DSP23.39%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.79% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 3.24% gum Surfactant 0.92% Water 0.00% TotalWeight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 14, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.01 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 14 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 29 below. The values in Table 29 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 10.28%±1.0%.

TABLE 29 Final Diluted Product according to Example 14 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 5.39% DAP 2.36%DSP 2.53% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.09% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Surfactant 0.10% Water 89.185%  TotalWeight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.24.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 14 may be in the range of about 0.8 to about 1.1, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example14 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.1.

Example 15

In Example 15, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 30 below. The values in Table 30 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 30 Dry Concentrate according to Example 15 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 43.70%  Ammonium Sulfate16.05%  DSP 34.44%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.83% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.64% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.30%Fluorescent Pigment 1.88% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 15, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.28 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 15 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 31 below. The values in Table 31 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 12.5%±1.0%.

TABLE 31 Final Diluted Product according to Example 15 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 5.80% AmmoniumSulfate 2.13% DSP 4.57% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 86.732%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.15.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 15 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1.0. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 15 may be in the range of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for exampleabout 2.7.

Example 16

In Example 16, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 32 below. The values in Table 32 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 32 Dry Concentrate according to Example 16 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 45.09%  Ammonium Chloride13.38%  DSP 35.54%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.86% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.72% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.31%Fluorescent Pigment 1.94% Surfactant 0.16% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 16, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.23 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 16 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 33 below. The values in Table 33 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 12.1%±1.0%.

TABLE 33 Final Diluted Product according to Example 16 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 5.80% AmmoniumChloride 1.72% DSP 4.57% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 87.142%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.08.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 16 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1.0. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 16 may be in the range of about 2.5 to about 3.5, for exampleabout 2.8.

Example 17

In Example 17, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 34 below. The values in Table 34 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 34 Dry Concentrate according to Example 17 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 48.79%  MonosodiumPhosphate 44.32%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.98% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 3.13% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.36%Fluorescent Pigment 2.24% Surfactant 0.18% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 17, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.05 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 17 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 35 below. The values in Table 35 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 10.4%±1.0%.

TABLE 35 Final Diluted Product according to Example 17 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% MonosodiumPhosphate 4.95% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 88.830%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.5.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 17 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1.0. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 17 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for exampleabout 2.1.

Example 18

In Example 18, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 36 below. The values in Table 36 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 36 Dry Concentrate according to Example 18 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 46.58%  MonosodiumPhosphate 42.31%  Citric Acid 4.53% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately40% 0.94% water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.99% gum Red IronOxide 0.34% Fluorescent Pigment 2.14% Surfactant 0.17% Water 0.00% TotalWeight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 18, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.11 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 18 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 37 below. The values in Table 37 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 10.4%±1.0%.

TABLE 37 Final Diluted Product according to Example 18 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% MonosodiumPhosphate 4.95% Citric Acid 0.53% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40%0.11% water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide0.04% Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 88.300%  TotalWeight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.24.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 18 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1.0. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 18 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for exampleabout 2.3.

Example 19

In Example 19, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 38 below. The values in Table 38 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 38 Dry Concentrate according to Example 19 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 52.53%  DSP 43.22% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.61% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 1.94% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.22% Fluorescent Pigment1.38% Surfactant 0.11% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 19, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.84 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 19 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 39 below. The values in Table 39 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, morepreferably about 7% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 17.3%±1.0%.

TABLE 39 Final Diluted Product according to Example 19 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.50% DSP 7.82%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% Fluorescent Pigment0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 81.914%  Total Weight of Final DilutedProduct  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.11.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 19 may be in the range of about 0.4 to about 1.0, for exampleabout 0.6. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 19 may be in the range of about 3.0 to about 4.0, for exampleabout 3.7.

Example 20

In Example 20, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 40 below. The values in Table 40 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 40 Dry Concentrate according to Example 20 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate MAP 71.27%  DSP 22.96% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.83% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 2.63% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.30% Fluorescent Pigment1.88% Surfactant 0.15% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 20, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.28 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 20 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 41 below. The values in Table 41 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 12.56%±1.0%.

TABLE 41 Final Diluted Product according to Example 20 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product MAP 9.50% DSP 3.06%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% Fluorescent Pigment0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 86.670%  Total Weight of Final DilutedProduct  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.65.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 20 may be in the range of about 0.4 to about 1.0, for exampleabout 0.79. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 20 may be in the range of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for exampleabout 2.5.

Example 21

In Example 21, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 42 below. The values in Table 42 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 42 Dry Concentrate according to Example 21 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 37.82%  Dipotassiumphosphate 49.90%  Citric Acid 6.94% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately40% 0.76% water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.43% gum Red IronOxide 0.28% Fluorescent Pigment 1.73% Surfactant 0.14% Water 0.00% TotalWeight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 21, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.41 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 21 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 43 below. The values in Table 43 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, morepreferably about 7% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 12.64%±1.0%.

TABLE 43 Final Diluted Product according to Example 21 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45%Dipotassium phosphate 7.19% Citric Acid 1.00% Corrosion Inhibitor(approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35%gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02%Water 85.590%  Total Weight of Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.3 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.2 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21may be in the range of about 7.0 to about 8.0, for example about 7.4.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 21 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 0.9. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 21 may be in the range of about 3.0 to about 4.0, for exampleabout 3.2.

Example 22

In Example 22, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 44 below. The values in Table 44 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 44 Dry Concentrate according to Example 22 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate Ammonium chloride 27.83%  DSP31.74%  MSP 35.58%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.69% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 2.20% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.25%Fluorescent Pigment 1.57% Surfactant 0.13% Water 0.00% Total Weight ofDry Concentrate  100%

In Example 22, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.58 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 22 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 45 below. The values in Table 45 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 15.1%±1.0%.

TABLE 45 Final Diluted Product according to Example 22 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product Ammonium chloride4.42% DSP 5.04% MSP 5.65% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11%water) Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 84.120%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.0.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22 may be inthe range of about 250 cP to about 450 cP, for example about 300 cP toabout 400 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 22 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example22 may be in the range of about 3.5 to about 4.5, for example about 3.9.

Example 23

In Example 23, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 46 below. The values in Table 46 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 46 Dry Concentrate according to Example 23 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate Ammonium citrate 42.78%  DSP53.70%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.50% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 1.60% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.18% FluorescentPigment 1.15% Surfactant 0.09% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 23, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 2.33 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 23 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 47 below. The values in Table 47 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 isabout 10% to 35% by weight in water, preferably about 12% to 30%, morepreferably about 14% to 28%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 21.1%±1.0%.

TABLE 47 Final Diluted Product according to Example 23 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product Ammonium citrate9.34% DSP 11.72%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water)Thickening agent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04%Fluorescent Pigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.02% Water 78.166%  Total Weightof Final Diluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.3.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23 may be inthe range of about 300 cP to about 500 cP, for example about 350 cP toabout 450 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 23 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example23 may be in the range of about 4.0 to about 5.0, for example about 4.5.

Example 24

In Example 24, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 48 below. The values in Table 48 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 48 Dry Concentrate according to Example 24 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 48.31%  MSP 43.92% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 1.01% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 3.20% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.37% Fluorescent Pigment2.29% Surfactant 0.91% Water 0.00% Total Weight of Dry Concentrate  100%

In Example 24, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 24 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 49 below. The values in Table 49 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 10.1%±1.0%.

TABLE 49 Final Diluted Product according to Example 24 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.28% MSP 4.80%Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickening agent1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% Fluorescent Pigment0.25% Surfactant 0.10% Water 89.070%  Total Weight of Final DilutedProduct  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.5.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 24 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example24 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.2.

Example 25

In Example 25, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 50 below. The values in Table 50 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 50 Dry Concentrate according to Example 25 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 47.52%  DSP 12.73%  MSP32.35%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.96% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 3.05% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.35% FluorescentPigment 2.18% Surfactant 0.87% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 25, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.1 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 25 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 51 below. The values in Table 51 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 51 Final Diluted Product according to Example 25 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% DSP 1.46%MSP 3.71% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.10% Water 88.530%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.8.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 25 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example25 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.3.

Example 26

In Example 26, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 52 below. The values in Table 52 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 52 Dry Concentrate according to Example 26 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 47.06%  DSP 12.61%  MSP32.04%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 1.90% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 3.02% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.35% FluorescentPigment 2.16% Surfactant 0.86% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 26, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.1 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 26 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 53 below. The values in Table 53 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 53 Final Diluted Product according to Example 26 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% DSP 1.46%MSP 3.71% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.22% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.10% Water 88.420%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.8.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 26 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example26 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.3.

Example 27

In Example 27, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 54 below. The values in Table 54 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 54 Dry Concentrate according to Example 27 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 47.72%  DSP 12.78%  MSP32.49%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.53% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 3.06% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.35% FluorescentPigment 2.19% Surfactant 0.88% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 27, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.1 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 27 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 55 below. The values in Table 55 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 10.6%±1.0%.

TABLE 55 Final Diluted Product according to Example 27 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% DSP 1.46%MSP 3.71% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.06% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.10% Water 88.580%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.8.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 27 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example27 may be in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5, for example about 2.3.

Example 28

In Example 28, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts ofingredients listed in Table 56 below. The values in Table 56 can bevaried by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or2%, or 2.5%, or 3.0%, or 3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

TABLE 56 Dry Concentrate according to Example 28 Weight Percent of EachIngredient in Ingredient Dry Concentrate DAP 46.58%  DSP 25.04%  MSP21.11%  Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.94% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 2.99% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.34% FluorescentPigment 2.14% Surfactant 0.85% Water 0.00% Total Weight of DryConcentrate  100%

In Example 28, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixingapproximately 1.11 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water.The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 28 final diluted product103 are listed in Table 57 below. The values in Table 57 can be variedby ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. Theconcentration of salt in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 isabout 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 20%, morepreferably about 7% to 18%. For example, the weight percent of salt inthe Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 10.9%±1.0%.

TABLE 57 Final Diluted Product according to Example 28 Weight Percent ofEach Ingredient in Final Diluted Ingredient Product DAP 5.45% DSP 2.93%MSP 2.47% Corrosion Inhibitor (approximately 40% 0.11% water) Thickeningagent 1—Polysaccharide 0.35% gum Red Iron Oxide 0.04% FluorescentPigment 0.25% Surfactant 0.10% Water 88.300%  Total Weight of FinalDiluted Product  100%

The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28 may be in therange of about 0.7 g/mL to about 1.5 g/mL, for example about 0.8 g/mL toabout 1.4 g/mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 7.1.The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28 may be inthe range of about 200 cP to about 400 cP, for example about 250 cP toabout 350 cP. The N/P molar ratio of the final diluted product 103 ofExample 28 may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5, for exampleabout 1. The ionic molarity of the final diluted product 103 of Example28 may be in the range of about 2.0 to about 3.0, for example about 2.5.

Methods of Use

The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-28 may be used tosuppress, retard, or contain a forest fire.

Direct Attack

In a direct attack, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 isapplied on the flame front. The final diluted composition 103 and/or 202is a thickened water retardant which contains water to cool and suppressthe fire.

Indirect Attack

In an indirect attack, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 isapplied in fire containment lines at a significant distance from thefire line. The indirect fire lines are built, and the fire is allowed toburn into them. The long-term fire retardant must be effective evenafter the water in the composition has evaporated. In an indirectattack, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 is applied tovegetation. As the water in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202evaporates, the salt concentration increases until it reaches itssaturation level.

Field Handling and Measurement

The forest fire retardant composition of Examples 1-10 and 12-28 can bedelivered to the field either as the dry concentrate 101, liquidconcentrate 102, or as the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202. Theforest fire retardant composition of Example 11 can be delivered to thefield either as the liquid concentrate 201 or as the final dilutedcomposition 202. The final diluted compositions 103 and/or 202 ofExamples 1-28 can be tested prior to application in the field to confirmproper salt content and/or proper N/P molar ratio. A refractometer canbe used to test the salt content. Density can also be used to determinethe salt content.

Field Mixing Procedures and Ratios

Batch preparation of final diluted composition 202 may be accomplishedby slowly feeding the liquid concentrate into a well-stirred mix tankcontaining a predetermined amount of water. Mix tank agitation may beprovided via an overhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternativelyby a circulation pump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Stir until theconcentrate is uniformly mixed into the water. Alternatively, the finaldiluted composition 202 may be mixed using continuous mixing equipment.

Aerial Application

The final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 may be deposited via aerialapplication from an airplane or helicopter. The airplane may be afixed-wing multi-engine aircraft, a fixed-wing single engine airtanker(SEAT), a large airtanker (LAT), a very large airtanker (VLAT), or anunmanned aircraft system (UAS). The helicopter may be a fixed-tankhelicopter (HF) or it may be a helicopter bucket (HB). The final dilutedcomposition 103 and/or 202 may be deposited in an indirect attack tobuild a retardant line before a forest fire or directly to a forest firevia aerial application.

Ground Application

The final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 may be deposited via groundapplication from a truck or ground engine (G). The final dilutedcomposition 103 and/or 202 may be deposited in an indirect attack tobuild a retardant line before a forest fire or it may be depositeddirectly to a forest fire via ground application.

Clean Up Procedure

The dry concentrate 101 can be cleaned by broom and/or vacuum. The dryconcentrate 101 should be kept dry during cleaning to minimize colorstaining that may occur when the dye is hydrated. When the dryconcentrate 101 is exposed to water, the product can be cleaned with theuse of a granular chemical absorbent material, or if proper drainage isavailable, by rinsing surfaces clean with adequate amounts of water. Dyecoloration may be removed from surfaces by treatment with liquid or drydetergent. The final diluted composition 103 can be cleaned with soap orliquid detergent and water. The color of the dye can be neutralized bysodium hypochlorite or washed with liquid detergent.

The liquid concentrate 201 can be cleaned by flushing with water andcapturing the rinse in a tank or disposal container via drains. Theliquid concentrate 201 and the final diluted composition 202 can becleaned with soap or liquid detergent and water. The color of the dyecan be neutralized by a bleaching agent such as sodium hypochlorite orwashed with liquid detergent.

Corrosion Testing

In a preferred embodiment, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202would meet the corrosion specifications of Specification 5100-304d (Jan.7, 2020) for aluminum, steel, brass, and magnesium. For example, in apreferred embodiment the aluminum corrosion is less than about 2.0mils/year, preferably less than about 1.0 mils/year, and more preferablyless than about 0.5 mils/year. In a preferred embodiment, the steelcorrosion is less than about 5.0 mils/year, preferably less than about4.0 mils/year, more preferably less than about 3.0 mils/year. In apreferred embodiment, the brass corrosion is less than about 5.0mils/year, preferably less than about 4.0 mils/year, more preferablyless than about 3.0 mils/year. In a preferred embodiment, the magnesiumcorrosion is less than about 4.0 mils/year, preferably less than about3.0 mils/year, more preferably less than about 2.0 mils/year.

Toxicity Testing

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 53 days-post-hatch were exposed tothe forest fire retardant composition of Examples 1-3, 5-8, and 10 for96 (±2) hours following the procedures outlined in USDA Forest ServiceStandard Test Procedure STP-1.5—Fish Toxicity (available athttp://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/tests/stp01_5.htm) and the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, andToxic Substances. Fish Acute Toxicity Test, Freshwater and Marine;850.1075, both incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thefish were maintained in aerated aquaria containing EPA synthetic softwater at 12° C. for nine days prior to their use in this test. The LC₅₀Acute Fish Toxicity Test rates the acute chemical toxicity to fishwherein the numeric value indicates the lethal concentration point atwhich the chemical results in 50% mortality of fingerling Rainbow Trout.The LC₅₀ values for the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 ofExamples 1-3, 5-8, and 10 were derived from the USFS 96-hour acuteaquatic toxicity test (STP-1.5). The results are shown below in Table58.

TABLE 58 LC₅₀ Acute Fish Toxicity Test Long Term Retardant Test ProductsLC₅₀ Test Results (mg/L) Example 1 119 Example 2 212 Example 3 212Example 5 369 Example 6 522 Example 7 424 Example 8 1580  Example 101580

The present inventors have identified a correlation between LC₅₀ resultsand ammonia concentration, which is shown in FIG. 3 . FIG. 3 illustratesthe general inverse relationship between ammonia concentration and LC₅₀.The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-28 maintain lowconcentrations of ammonia and have reduced toxicity while stillfunctioning as efficient forest fire retardants with low corrosivity.

Combustion Retarding Effectiveness Testing

In a preferred embodiment, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202would meet the required retarding salt concentration specifications ofSpecification 5100-304d Section 3.6.1 (Jan. 7, 2020) and would notrequire a burn test. For example, the diammonium phosphate (DAP)concentration in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 is equalto or greater than about 10.6%. For example, the diammonium phosphate(DAP) concentration in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 isabout 10.6% to about 20%, preferably about 10.7% to about 19%, morepreferably about 10.8% to about 18%, more preferably about 11% to about17%. In a preferred embodiment, the monoammonium phosphate (MAP)concentration in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 is equalto or greater than about 9.2%. For example, the monoammonium phosphate(MAP) concentration in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 isabout 9.2% to about 20%, preferably about 9.3% to about 19%, morepreferably about 9.4% to about 18%, more preferably about 9.5% to about17%. In a preferred embodiment, the diammonium phosphate (DAP)equivalent (i.e., combinations of DAP, MAP, additional ammoniumphosphate salts, and/or non-ammonium phosphate salts disclosed hereinthat have ammonium and phosphate concentrations equal to or greater thanDAP) concentration in the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 isequal to or greater than about 10.6%. For example, the diammoniumphosphate (DAP) equivalent concentration in the final dilutedcomposition 103 and/or 202 is about 10.6% to about 20%, preferably about10.7% to about 19%, more preferably about 10.8% to about 18%, morepreferably about 11% to about 17%.

In another embodiment, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202would meet the required retarding salt concentration specifications ofSpecification 5100-304d Section 3.6.2 (Jan. 7, 2020) in any burn tests.For example, the final diluted composition 103 and/or 202 exhibits areduction index greater or equal to the reduction index of 10.6%diammonium phosphate (DAP).

CONCLUSION

All parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations describedherein are meant to be exemplary and the actual parameters, dimensions,materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specificapplication or applications for which the inventive teachings is/areused. It is to be understood that the foregoing embodiments arepresented primarily by way of example and that, within the scope of theappended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may bepracticed otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to eachindividual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or methoddescribed herein.

In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems,articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems,articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent,is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. Othersubstitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in thedesign, operating conditions and arrangement of respective elements ofthe exemplary implementations without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure. The use of a numerical range does not precludeequivalents that fall outside the range that fulfill the same function,in the same way, to produce the same result.

Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods,of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed aspart of the method may in some instances be ordered in different ways.Accordingly, in some inventive implementations, respective acts of agiven method may be performed in an order different than specificallyillustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously (evenif such acts are shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments).

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood tocontrol over dictionary definitions, definitions in documentsincorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the definedterms.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in thespecification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to thecontrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in theclaims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements soconjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some casesand disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with“and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” ofthe elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be presentother than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause,whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when usedin conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer,in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other thanB); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elementsother than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionallyincluding other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should beunderstood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. Forexample, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall beinterpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, butalso including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and,optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated tothe contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when usedin the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactlyone element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or”as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusivealternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded byterms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or“exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims,shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “atleast one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should beunderstood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more ofthe elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including atleast one of each and every element specifically listed within the listof elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the listof elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally bepresent other than the elements specifically identified within the listof elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether relatedor unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as anon-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “atleast one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) canrefer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including morethan one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements otherthan B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally includingmore than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elementsother than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionallyincluding more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including morethan one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

In the claims, as well as in the specification, all transitional phrasessuch as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,”“involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understoodto be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only thetransitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, asset forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent ExaminingProcedures, Section 2111.03.

In the claims, as well as in the specification, any ingredient listed inan open-ended list of ingredients shall not be negated or avoided by theaddition of water or other solvent or reactant that might cause achemical change to such ingredient. Thus, for example, even though it isknown that an anhydrous salt becomes hydrated in the presence of water,the inventors hereby act as their own lexicographers, so that anycomposition “including” or “comprising” an “anhydrous” salt is intendedto cover both a dry composition substantially free of water in which thesalt has substantially no water of hydration, as well as any wetcomposition formed by the addition of water which causes the anhydroussalt to become hydrated (or to undergo some other change). Both beforeand after the addition of water or other ingredient, the compositionshall be regarded, for purposes of the specification and claims, ascomprising an “anhydrous” salt irrespective of any hydration, solvation,or other change caused by the addition of water or other ingredient. Thesame applies for any ingredient recited in an open-ended list whichmight be chemically changed by the addition of water or other ingredientto the open-ended list.

1. (canceled)
 2. A forest fire retardant concentrate, comprising: aretardant compound comprising: at least one of monoammonium phosphate,monoammonium orthophosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammoniumphosphate, or sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate; and at least one ofdiammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, disodium phosphate,disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or trisodiumphosphate; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass,aluminum, or magnesium present in the concentrate in an amount having aweight percent of about 0.1% to about 3.0% relative to total weight ofthe concentrate; a strong base or weak base; and a thickening agent,present in the concentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about0.75% to about 5.0% relative to total weight of the concentrate;wherein: the concentrate has a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen tophosphorus (N/P molar ratio) of less than about 1.05 or greater thanabout 1.95.
 3. The concentrate of claim 2, wherein: the retardantcompound comprises monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate; andthe N/P molar ratio is
 1. 4. The concentrate of claim 2, wherein thestrong base or weak base comprises disodium phosphate, disodiumphosphate hydrate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate,trisodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassiumcarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammoniumbicarbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium acetate, trisodium citrate,trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, diammonium citrate, sodiumborate, sodium N-Cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonate, sodium4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonate, sodiumN-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonate, sodiumN-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonate, sodium3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, sodium3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonate, sodium sulfide,zinc chloride hydroxide, magnesium oxychloride, aluminum hydroxide,bismuth oxychloride, beryllium hydroxide, boron hydroxide, calciumhydroxide, cesium hydroxide, cobalt(III) hydroxide, copper(II)hydroxide, gallium(III) hydroxide, gold(III) hydroxide, indium(II)hydroxide, iridium(III) hydroxide, iron(III) hydroxide, lithiumhydroxide, molybdenum hydroxide, nickel oxo-hydroxide, nickel(III)hydroxide, osmium(IV) hydroxide, silver hydroxide, strontium hydroxide,technetium(II) hydroxide, thorium hydroxide, tin(IV) hydroxide,titanium(III) hydroxide, tungsten(II) hydroxide, yttrium hydroxide,zirconium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, bismuth(III)hydroxide, cerium(III) hydroxide, chromium(II) hydroxide, cobalt(II)hydroxide, copper(I) hydroxide, gallium(II) hydroxide, gold(I)hydroxide, indium(I) hydroxide, indium(III) hydroxide, iron(II)hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, neodymiumhydroxide, nickel(II) hydroxide, niobium hydroxide, palladium(II)hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tantalum(V) hydroxide,tetramethylammonium hydroxide, thallium(III) hydroxide, tin(II)hydroxide, titanium(II) hydroxide, titanium(IV) hydroxide, uranylhydroxide, vanadium(III) hydroxide, ytterbium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide,or a basic organic amine.
 5. The concentrate of claim 4, wherein thestrong base or weak base comprises disodium phosphate.
 6. Theconcentrate of claim 2, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises analkyl amine, one or more azoles, and disodium molybdate dihydrate. 7.The concentrate of claim 2, wherein the thickening agent comprises apolysaccharide gum.
 8. The concentrate of claim 7, wherein thepolysaccharide gum comprises xanthan gum.
 9. The concentrate of claim 2,further comprising a colorant, present in the concentrate in an amounthaving a weight percent of about 0.04% to about 6.0% relative to totalweight of the concentrate, wherein the colorant comprises at least oneof an inorganic pigment and an organic pigment.
 10. The concentrate ofclaim 9, wherein the organic pigment comprises a fluorescent pigment.11. The concentrate of claim 9, wherein the inorganic pigment comprisesiron oxide.
 12. The concentrate of claim 2, further comprising asurfactant present in the concentrate in an amount having a weightpercent of about 0.04% to about 2.5% relative to the total weight of theconcentrate.
 13. The concentrate of claim 2, wherein the concentrate isa dry concentrate having no more than about 3% by weight of waterrelative to the total weight of the dry concentrate.
 14. The concentrateof claim 13, wherein the retardant compound is present in the dryconcentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about 62% to about99% relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate.
 15. A kitcomprising: a sealed container which contains the dry concentrate ofclaim 13 substantially in the absence of external moisture; andinstructions for using the dry concentrate to make a final dilutedproduct useful to suppress, retard, or contain forest fires.
 16. The kitof claim 15, further comprising: a tank for diluting the dry concentrateto make the final diluted product; and a wand or a hose for applying thefinal diluted product.
 17. The concentrate of claim 2, furthercomprising water; wherein: the concentrate is a final diluted productintended for use to suppress, retard, or contain forest fires; theretardant compound is present in the final diluted product in an amounthaving a weight percent of about 6% to about 28% relative to the totalweight of the final diluted product; and the pH of the final dilutedproduct is about 5.2 to about 6.8.
 18. A forest fire retardantconcentrate, comprising: a retardant compound comprising: monoammoniumphosphate; diammonium phosphate; and disodium phosphate; a corrosioninhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesiumpresent in the concentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about0.1% to about 3.0% relative to total weight of the concentrate; athickening agent, present in the concentrate in an amount having aweight percent of about 0.75% to about 5.0% relative to total weight ofthe concentrate; wherein: the concentrate has a molar ratio ofammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P molar ratio) of less than about1.05.
 19. The concentrate of claim 18, wherein the retardant compoundfurther comprises at least one of disodium phosphate, disodium phosphatehydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, monosodiumphosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate,monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate,octacalcium phosphate, dicalcium diphosphate, calcium triphosphate,hydroxyapatite, apatite, or tetracalcium phosphate.
 20. The concentrateof claim 18, wherein the N/P ratio is
 1. 21. The concentrate of claim18, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises an alkyl amine, one ormore azoles, and disodium molybdate dihydrate.
 22. The concentrate ofclaim 18, wherein the thickening agent comprises a polysaccharide gum.23. The concentrate of claim 22, wherein the polysaccharide gumcomprises xanthan gum.
 24. The concentrate of claim 18, furthercomprising a colorant, present in the concentrate in an amount having aweight percent of about 0.04% to about 6.0% relative to total weight ofthe concentrate, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of aninorganic pigment and an organic pigment.
 25. The concentrate of claim24, wherein the organic pigment comprises a fluorescent pigment.
 26. Theconcentrate of claim 24, wherein the inorganic pigment comprises ironoxide.
 27. The concentrate of claim 18, further comprising a surfactantpresent in the concentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about0.04% to about 2.5% relative to the total weight of the concentrate. 28.The concentrate of claim 18, wherein the concentrate is a dryconcentrate having no more than about 3% by weight of water relative tothe total weight of the dry concentrate.
 29. The concentrate of claim28, wherein the retardant compound is present in the dry concentrate inan amount having a weight percent of about 62% to about 99% relative tothe total weight of the dry concentrate.
 30. A kit comprising: a sealedcontainer which contains the dry concentrate of claim 28 substantiallyin the absence of external moisture; and instructions for using the dryconcentrate to make a final diluted product useful to suppress, retard,or contain forest fires.
 31. The kit of claim 30, further comprising: atank for diluting the dry concentrate to make the final diluted product;and a wand or a hose for applying the final diluted product.
 32. Theconcentrate of claim 18, further comprising water; wherein: theconcentrate is a final diluted product intended for use to suppress,retard, or contain forest fires; the retardant compound is present inthe final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about6% to about 28% relative to the total weight of the final dilutedproduct; and the pH of the final diluted product is about 5.2 to about6.8.